As others have mentioned - I don't think that customization of the dashboard like this is possible and even if it were with the available custom CSS features - one would really have to monitor it closely after every (monthly at times) deploys to make sure the underlying coding/features that the customizations rely on haven't been changed or remove from the core Canvas coding. In most cases (at least for us - a college) there is a faculty member monitoring each course (because they're teaching them) and posting final grades, etc - so this kind of automation isn't as needed. And what appears as "active" or not on the dashboard is determined by Term Dates of course offerings.
However, we do have two cases where we do something similar to some of what you are wanting - our New Student Orientation and Title IX courses that must be completed within a student's first semester of enrollment with us. Without completing these, they cannot register for the next term of courses. We track completion through Canvas Data. We do pay the extra addon for Hosted Data Management (where Canvas ports the data to a Amazon Redshift hosting server - I believe - for us) but if an institution/organziation did not want to do this, there is a free Canvas Data 2 CLI tool that can be used to sync the data available in Canvas to a self-hosted database.
From this (either Hosted Data Management or Self-Hosted Database) one can use analytical tools like Power BI or Tableau to build reports/visualizations. I use PowerBI, and for these two courses have built a dashboard to track completion. The way these courses are setup requires students to progress through a series of quizzes at the end of each module and achieve a certain score before moving on to the next module. Thus, I have written my reports to track their scores on the final quizzes in that course (as they have had to pass all previous quizzes in order to take the last one). So, this report visualizes if they have achieved a passing score on the final quiz or not. If they have, they have successfully completed the course (and we can remove their registration restrictions and conclude their enrollments in the Canvas course), if they have not - then our advising office notifies them that they must try again.
You could also use Canvas Data 2 in this way to build a report that would contain all courses/training completed for each individual, etc.
You could also potentially do some automation with Canvas Credentials - where upon completion (determined by criteria setup in the Canvas course) a "badge" is awarded. But again that wouldn't be tracking completion on the dashboard - but within the Credentials (soon to be Parchment) system.