It sounds like you're trying to do this in New Quizzes, which still has major issues working with Outcomes. As of now (June 2023), New Quizzes can only see institution outcomes, not course outcomes.
Since they're created at the institution level, they need to be imported into your specific course before they can be used on rubrics or other items. In your Outcomes tab, click on Find and then browse the folders to find your specific items. You can import entire folders or individual Outcomes.
Since you mention standards-based grading specifically, here's how we manage them in our district.