Hi @KyleStrem ,
Very similar things have happened to me, and other people I know. Canvas has a limit on how many files can be uploaded, otherwise known as file storage. If files are uploaded however exceed the limit that the course has, the file will not be available.
Did you upload the file directly into canvas from your computer into the assignment? Something I've found that always worked better is if you upload it to your account files and then within the RCE, or Rich Content Editor, of that assignment, select User Files then submit that way. You could also share the file with your instructor there in Inbox or Shared Content, however that might be set up differently with each institution.
As for audit logging, this feature is only available for quizzes. If your instructor used assignments instead of quizzes for you to file submit the exam question, then there is no way to view the developer audit logs (from what I know of). With quizzes, instructors are able to track all of their student's actions and activity.
Have you went back and double checked your submission attempts within the canvas course to see if the file appeared to have uploaded?
Willing to help you out!
Noah