I called Canvas myself after posting this, but felt it was important enough to check here first to see if anyone else had this issue.

They said it's due to the instructor originally publishing a quiz with no questions in it, then students start the quiz and don't see questions displayed, then the instructor edits the quiz, but because the attempt has been started the quiz won't display the questions on the resumed attempt.

Not sure why Canvas allows instructors to publish a test with no questions in it.

I haven't heard back from the instructor to confirm this on their end. I posted it here to see if anyone else had this same experience or if it was a system wide issue.

The video may be helpful if any other instructors run into this issue down the line.