@bweiner
I am not sure if this is what you're experiencing, but it sounds like it and matches your pictures.
I also have a lot of complete/incomplete assignments right now (later that changes, but it's still early in the semester). I went into my gradebook and every one of them had the ability to open the grade detail.
This is true for those who had the assignment graded as complete,

those marked as incomplete

and those who hadn't submitted an assignment.

Then I narrowed my column.
Now there's no option to open the grade detail.

Actually there is, but it's hidden due to the overflow of the column.
Most columns are set to hide the overflow so they don't run from one column into the next. Here's the CSS used for the entries.

If I disable the overflow: hidden; CSS and try to open the item, I now get my open grade detail tray icon, but it's in the next column over.

Try dragging your column wider and see if that fixes the issue of the missing grade detail button.
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