So, I've seen this in a specific course, and I have some suspicions about why it may be happening in my instance.
How many of you who are having this experience are using a vanity URL? Like, we have canvas.unl.edu, as well as unl.instructure.com (we don't direct anyone to this one).
When you see the missing image, after the page has completed loading (some of the responses here say that the image may magically appear after a few seconds--that's network lag, not a resource location problem), right-click on the image placeholder and select "Inspect Element" (or whatever will bring up the HTML in your browser). Check to make sure that the top-level domain for both URLs in the image code match. In the image below, they do.

When I've seen problems is when they mismatch. I can't make a guess as to why there's a mismatch, but there can be.
The only solution I've seen for this is to delete the image and then place it again in the content (*Always use the content selector in Canvas to select the image from within your course files for best results*). If you have very involved styles applied to the image, this can be a real drag.
Because of some of the particulars of the course in question, it's difficult to kick this problem up the chain using a support ticket (institutional politics). BUT, it may be worth looking at examples in your course to see if there is a domain mismatch between the src and the api enpoint URLs. The super weird thing about this is, when you go to edit the content page (or whatever), the HTML doesn't show this mismatch. It's only when we're viewing the page with the broken image.
We are not able to consistently recreate the broken images. But when they occur, this seems to be the culprit.
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